Which of the following is the least expensive countermeasure to implement?

The choice of written procedures as the least expensive countermeasure is rooted in its inherent simplicity and low-cost nature. Developing written procedures typically requires minimal financial investment, primarily involving the time spent drafting, reviewing, and distributing the documents. This can often be accomplished using readily available resources, such as existing templates, guidelines, or best practices, without the need for significant technological upgrades or physical infrastructure changes.

In contrast, physical security measures often involve costs associated with hiring personnel, purchasing equipment, or enhancing facility infrastructure. Technology upgrades can require substantial financial resources for new systems, maintenance, or training staff to operate them. Training programs, while essential for ensuring staff are equipped to handle security protocols, can incur costs related to materials, instructor fees, or time away from regular duties.

Thus, the written procedure represents a cost-effective way to enhance organizational readiness and response to potential threats without the significant expenditures associated with more complex measures.